What are the softwares that a civil engineer must know?

 Hi,

Good and relevant question,

Civil engineering is a wide branch. There are n numbers of softwares to learn which depends on the intrest of individuals.

But, below mentioned softwares are commonly used and an civil engineer must have atleast basic knowledge of these;

1) AUTOCAD

It is commonly used software. You can say that it is ABC of engineering. It is used to read drawings accurately, prepare drawings, modify them and to determine the quantities, areas and dimensions of any project easliy.

2) MS EXCEL

MS excel is used to prepare sheets, reports, daily reports, preparing billls, Bar Bending schedule (BBS), calculations and progress reports. This is second commonly used software for a civil engineer.

3) 3DS MAX/REVIT/VRAY/SKETCHUP

If anyone wants to go in the field of 3D modelling, the mentioned softwares are a must know for a civil engineer.

4) MSP/PRIMEVERA

last but not least, if an engineer wants to do job in planning and management, microsoft project and Prime vera are must for an engineer.

Thanks, hope you will find it useful.

RCC Components, Ratio, Uses and its Requirement

RCC

• RCC stands for Reinforced Cement Concrete.
• When reinforcement is used in PCC, to increase the strength of concrete, is termed as RCC.
• RCC is the most commonly used utilized construction material.
• It is measured in Cubic metre (Cum).

WHY RCC IS USED?

• As concrete is very high in compressive strength, but its low in tensile strength. Concrete will brittle under tensile forces.
• So where tensile forces act on concrete surfaces, concrete is combined with highly tensile materials like steel bars, plates etc. A good construction material is obtained that is capable to withstand all the three forces i.e., Tensile, Compression and shear.

COMPONENTS AND RATIO

Reinforcement (in the form of Bars/Plates), Cement, Fine Aggregates and coarse Aggregates.

Ratio of Cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates depends on the required strength;

M10     1 : 3 : 6

M15     1 : 2 : 4

M20     1 : 1.5 : 3

M25     1 : 1 : 2

“M” denotes for the ‘Mix’ followed by a number representing the compressive strength of that mix in N/mm² after 28 days.

REQUIREMENTS AND USES OF RCC?

• RCC structures are durable, resistant to fire, easily available, easily workable and economical.
• RCC structures need less repairing cost.
• RCC can be easily moulded into desired shapes.
• It is high in compressive strength (due to concrete).
• It is high in tensile strength (due to reinforcement).

POSITION OF REINFORCEMENT?

• As reinforcement is used to withstand tensile forces, it is used in tensile zone of Concrete structures.

PCC Components, Ratio, Uses and its Requirement

PCC

• PCC stands for Plain Cement Concrete.
• Cement is mixed with Coarse aggregate, sand and water to form homogeneous material termed as PCC.
• It is measured in Cubic metre (Cum).

COMPONENTS AND RATIO

• Cement, Fine Aggregates and coarse Aggregates are mixed in the ratio of 1:2:4 or 1:1:2, respectively.

REQUIREMENTS AND USES OF PCC?

• PCC is mainly used below footings, concrete roads, grade slabs.
• Purpose of using PCC is to provide firm, non-porous, rigid, Impervious and levelled base so that RCC can be easily placed.
• It provides resistance to erosion & corrosion.
• It also improves load bearing capacity.
• It remove direct contact of RCC with the soil and avoid dampness due to capillary action.
• Any RCC work on soil will always followed by PCC.

Why there is a metal stub at the end of a measuring tape?

Why there is a metal stub at the end of a measuring tape?

Metal stub serves two purposes;

• The stub can be used to hold the measuring tape with nail at one end so that tape will stay in place and measurement can be done easily.
• The stub is also serrated so that you can easily marks without having a pen or pencil.

BASIC UNITS OF STANDARD INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

There are seven basic units in the SI system:

Mass (kg): The kilogram is the metric unit of mass. It's the mass of the international a prototype of the kilogram: a standard platinum/iridium 1 kg mass housed near Paris at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM).

Length (m): The meter is the metric unit of length. It's defined as the length of the path light travels in a vacuum during 1/299,792,458 of a second.

Time (s): The basic unit of time is the second. The second is defined as the duration of 9,192,631,770 oscillations of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of cesium-133.

Temperature (K): The Kelvin is the unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. The Kelvin scale is an absolute scale, so there is no degree.​

Electric Current (A): The basic unit of electric current is the ampere. The ampere is defined as the constant current that, if maintained in two infinitely long straight parallel conductors with a negligible circular cross-section and placed 1 m apart in a vacuum would produce a force between the conductors equal to 2 x 10-7 newtons per meter of length.

Amount of a Substance (mol): The mole is defined as the amount of a substance that contains as many entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilograms of carbon-12. When the mole unit is used, the entities must be specified. For example, the entities may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, cows, houses, or anything else.

Luminous Intensity (cd): The unit of luminous intensity, or light, is the candela. The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source emitting monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz with radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.

Why the first alphabet of only Kelvin & Ampere are in uppercase?

Because these are the names of Engineers who had invented these units;

• Temperature (Kelvin): It is named after the Belfast-born, Glasgow University engineer and physicist William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin.
• Electric Current (Ampere): It is named after André-Marie Ampère, French mathematician and physicist, considered the father of electrodynamics.

BALANCED, UNDER REINFROCED AND OVER REINFORCED SECTIONS

UNDER REINFORCED SECTION:

In this section, the quantity of steel is not adequate to make the extreme concrete fibers in the compression area to get compressed to their highest permissible stress.

In this section, the quantity of steel is not adequate to make the concrete to get compressed in compression area to their highest permissible value. That means the steel is provided less than that a balanced section is required. In under reinforced section, the depth of actual Na is less than the critical Na.

i.e; Na<Nc

BALANCED SECTION:

The section in which the quantity of steel is just sufficiently provided that the concrete in compression zone and steel in tension zone reaches to their permissible stresses simultaneously is called balanced section.

In this section, the critical depth is equal to its actual depth.

i.e n = Na = Nc

OVER REINFORCED SECTION:

In this section, the quantity of steel in tension zone is greater than the quantity of steel required to make compressive zone concrete to get compressed to their most extreme admissible value. In other words, when the extreme compressive stress in concrete achieves its allowable limit, the comparing tensile stress in steel will be not as much as its permissible value.

So in over reinforced section, the depth of actual Na is greater than the critical Na.

i.e; Na > Nc